Medicine is the biggest epidemic in our time’ was Ivan Illich a prophet or a rumor monger Essay Example for Free

Medication is the greatest scourge in our time’ was Ivan Illich a prophet or gossip monger Essay Ivan Illich was an Austrian savant, well known for his of commitment of hypotheses on the idea of medicalization. He has distributed numerous books on medicalization and has introduced to a more extensive open the idea of iatrogenic illness. Medication is a significant treatment apparatus in public activity and without appropriate medicine human life could be profoundly compelled by numerous ailments encompassing it. Ivan Illich has had a commitment in the field of medicalization as a logician by building hypotheses that different doctors have followed in their training. Iatrogenesis is a term that is utilized to allude a disease that originate from clinical action and exceeds any positive advantage of medication. Iatrogenesis was brought into sociology by Illich. As indicated by Illich, iatrogenesis effectsly affected the modern culture as it improved the debasement, weakened people and restricted opportunity in a mechanical set up. Illich delineated three significant kinds of iatrogenesis, these are; clinical, social and social iatrogenesis. Illich has speculated different thoughts in medicalization and society. This article will call attention to certain speculations that feature whether Illich was a prophet or a rumormonger in the public arena and give some proof dependent on his methodologies in medicalization. The article will also concentrate on the idea of iatrogenesis and measurements that has been led in the UK dependent on insights. At long last, the exposition will give a few suspicions of Illich on medicalization and furthermore how iatrogenesis can be forestalled in the public arena. As indicated by measurements in the UK, it shows that the estimation of 215,000 passings consistently have been brought about by iatrogenic, whereby malignant growth and the coronary illness are believed to cause more passings in each year(Shaffer, Philips, Enzer, 2009, p.241). Iatrogenic impacts in a few cases are completely characterized and can be perceived effectively, for example those intricacies that need a surgery. Notwithstanding, the more subtle entanglements need huge examination to perceive, for example, troublesome medication associations. Ivan Illich who was a specialist and a multilingual productive essayist on issues identified with society and medication ascribed his ideas of medicalization and proposed his perspectives towards the advanced medication in the general public. Illich contended that the idea of medication had denied people and society of their ability to adapt to disorder and passing (Basford, Lynn Oliver Slevin, 2003, p.122). In this way, in view of Illich, iatrogenesis can't be comprehended except if it is seen explicitly clinical indication of specific counter efficiency. Illich along these lines calls attention to primary three degrees of iatrogenesis. The main level is the clinical iatrogenesis, this whereby the injury is delineated to the patients by useless, harmful and unreliable treatment to the patients. The subsequent level is the social iatrogenesis, which comes because of medicalization of life, and thirdly social iatrogenesis, which comes because of the devastation of customary methods of managing and understanding demise, torment and sickness. In light of the proof in his works of medication portrayed for more than twenty years, it is noticed that Illich was not a rumormonger, yet a philosophical prophet, in view of his forecasts and examination on the idea of iatrogenesis. Ivan Illich has followed contemporary thought of the issue of pestilence in the cultural setting and this idea has extraordinarily centered around the principle suspicions that lead to that pandemic. In light of his thoughts, he contended on the advancing perspectives on medication, there is a strengthening model that has developed out of the acknowledgment of scourge and, in this manner, patients can't be compelled to follow a way of life directed by others towards the issue of medicalization. In view of Ivan Illichs speculations on his viewpoints towards common wellbeing, medication sabotages strength of people dependent on animosity, yet additionally over the effect of its social association on the milieu. On that unique situation, when the clinical harm to the soundness of an individual is created dependent on the sociopolitical method of transmission. In this manner, as indicated by Illich, social iatrogenesis is assigned in all debilitations on respect to wellbeing that explicitly to those financial upheavals which have been made quite, likely, or fundamental by the conventional shape medicinal services has taken (Kazer, 2008, p.209). Subsequently, in view of his perspectives towards the medicalization, the suppositions that emit win that Illich was one individual in the general public who was viewed as a prophet. A great many people considered his thoughts all the more particularly his perspectives on the iatrogenesis and through his receptive on the general public, they respect his perspectives to be those of a prophet. The iatrogenic demise has become the third driving reason for death in the UK, outperforming the passing by stroke. In view of various sources demonstrate that, somewhere in the range of 200,000 and 250, 000 individuals are accounted for to bite the dust every year from Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) in the emergency clinic setting (Kazer, 2008, p.289). On a similar note, it is seen that passings by ADRs kills more than multiple times as the unlawful joined in consistently and that is the most traditionalist gauge that is delineated. In this way, the physician recommended medicate Vioxx executes a gauge of 60,00 individuals via heart failure alone and this figure doesn't reflect and represent some other lethal symptoms, for example, the inner dying. Much of the time, medication subverts wellbeing and this isn't just founded on direct hostility against people however it has additionally an effect on the social association on the complete milieu. Along these lines, clinical harm to the i ndividual wellbeing is established by the social iatrogenesis. This characterizes all the insufficiencies that quell to wellbeing and are expected absolutely to those financial transformations that have been made noteworthy, conceivable by the built up shape medicinal services. Iatrogenesis has numerous measurements according to Ivan Illich’s idea. The bothersome reactions of affirmed, mixed up, insensitive or contra-demonstrated specialized contacts with the clinical framework speak to just first degree of pathogenic medication. The conviction of individuals that they can't adapt to sickness without current meds strengthens and lays the ground for iatrogenesis by giving up themselves to the specialists. As per Illich, he outlines that the social iatrogenesis isn't yet recognized as an aggregate etiology of ailment. He plots that the determination regularly fills in as a methods for transforming political complaints other than the pressure of development into requirements for additional cures that are only a greater amount of its costly and requesting yields, the modern framework would lose one of its significant barriers. On a similar note, responsiveness of the degree to which iatrogenic sick wellbeing is politically-conveyed would shake the nuts and bolts of clinical force considerably more profoundly than any inventory of drugs specialized issues. In view of this reality, his works and thoughts depict the supposition of his examination and these shows that he was not a rumourmonger but rather can be viewed as a prophet in a few angles since his forecasts demonstrated the idea of the real world. Iatrogenesis assigns a state of sickness, illness, injury or unfriendly wellbeing brought upon a patient as a circuitous or direct consequence of clinical finding or fix. In this way, when iatrogenesis gets into torment, there are various regular assortments of iatrogenesis, that sponsor to the on-set of indications, just as the dispersal and declining of existing conditions. Intense postoperative agony is trailed by unshakable torment in 10-half of people after shared tasks, for example, bosom and thoracic medical procedure, crotch hernia fix, and coronary conduit sidestep medical procedure leg removal (Gould, Brooker Gould, 2008, p.167). Iatrogenic confusions are extremely normal a great many people who are influenced are the older than the youthful patients. These confusions incorporate the unfriendly impacts as the collaborations, falls, nosocomial contaminations, Pressure ulcers and other pertinent intricacies to medical procedure, notwithstanding, avoidance is frequently concei vable, (Odea Erikson, 2010, p.341). For instance, the enormous rate that is influenced is the men. The measurements show that ladies live longer than ladies, in any case, the burn through the vast majority of their lives with various abberations. The smoking rates between ladies in UK were somewhat low contrasted with men, consequently ladies smoke 25.1% while men 31.2%. The underlying advance in stoppage is to sort patients at high hazard so as to realize the path forward in which to support that specific person. Hazard elements may incorporate the accompanying. Avoidance is the most vital factor and deciding the viable method to forestall such supposition that is to disregard on that factors that add to such diseases. After full acknowledgment of that factors, concentrating on the best possible estimates that ought to be thought about to maintain a strategic distance from those components that influence the circumstance (Miller, 2013, p.178). Along these lines, mediations that can forestall iatrogenic intricacies may incorporate the accompanying: tending to legitimate drug to the patient by depending on essential proof. Taking everything into account, Illich can be viewed as a prophet and not a rumourmonger. A prophet as indicated by religion is an individual who can tell about what's to come. This affirmation has advanced from some of his suppositions on medication and his methodologies towards the medicalization that are altogether founded on his exploration of more than twenty years. For example, in UK there are a few people who bite the dust of illnesses connected with the impact of iatrogenesis in consistently. This angle apparently affects the older individuals more than the youthful. Illichs sees on medicalization are demonstrated to be extremely critical to the general public as they edified people to know about certain viewpoints that lead to iatrogenesis. With the proof on wellbeing framework, his ways of thinking are inspected to be extremely noteworthy in the public arena since they for the most part f

Overcoming Sales Resistance free essay sample

The article about Overcoming Sales Resistance Areas is composed by a Million Dollar Consultant. It handled about the significance of taking care of the protests of various clients with their various reasons. As a sales rep, it is unavoidable to experience clients like that. Some will in general explanation out in a way that they just need you, as a sales rep, to quit attempting in light of the fact that they have actually no aims in buying your item. After picking this calling, as a sales rep, it is significant for us to be coached by an ace particularly on the off chance that we are new to this field.Salespersons who are beginner are the ones who will in general experience a greater amount of these complaints. Various clients would likewise imply that there would various circumstances you would confront. Out of a hundred clients, it would be outlandish that none of them would give you a turn down. So it is significant for us to expect the potential reasons that client as a rule use against us. We will compose a custom exposition test on Beating Sales Resistance or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Valid or not, it might be, it is as yet significant for us to realize how to deal with this specific complaints. As a sales rep, we should attempt to place ourselves in the shoes of our customers.It is for us to comprehend why they will in general do these protests. The article likewise handled about the fundamental zones of deals protections. The essential regions of deals protections are having no trust, no need, no desperation and no cash. As a salesman, there would come a period in our business profession when the example of complaints is by all accounts natural and it appears as though you’d been going around and around. It is on the grounds that clients have their own yet comparable reasons in doing such protests. That is the reason we should be told about these specific complaints by another experience of a sales rep who is more experienced.Though having all these information, ability and preparing, it would in any case be difficult to have the option to defeat all the protests. All things considered, we should attempt to invalidate and disprove it. It isn't stating that we ought to get into an extreme discussion with the client. We have to shoulder as a primary concern that however we may not win, at any rate we throw a left hook, as expressed in the article. It is to leave an effect for the client to consider and should seriously mull over it later on. So as to be capable in taking care of these protests, we have to think about the four essential zones of deals resistance.It is with the end goal for us to build up our aptitude in forestalling these basic protections that could set us up in taking care of increasingly explicit circumstances raised inside them. The primary deals opposition zone is about the client having no trust. As a salesman, this first zone is a troublesome one to manage. It is on the grounds that there is no utilization in proceeding with a discussion or a business discourse if the client doesn’t trust you in any case or you think that its difficult to pick up your customer’s trust. It is a lot of significant for us, sales reps, to build up compatibility to pick up trust when possible.Second is tied in with having no need of your item/administration. A few clients may discover it however helpful yet still unseemly. Third is about no earnestness. They may have different needs to settle than putting resources into your item/administration. The last and the most widely recognized is tied in with having no cash. A few organizations are conceivable to need more money related limit. This business opposition territory is the most hard to disprove and invalidate. We as a whole realize that it is cash that permits the business exchange make a move to a business exchange among you and the client. It is significant for a sales rep to have the option to prospect in any case the clients who are qualified of buying your item/administration. The article specified four fundamental deals protections, and the business obstruction territory I locate the most hard to defeat is about the clients having no cash. It is on the grounds that this is the territory which is the most hard to counter. The client having no cash isn't an explanation or zone you could simply disregard as a salespeople.You should remember that, it is the money related ability of your clients that enacts the exchange. The business call would be put to squander if in any case, the client isn't qualified. It is significant that you need to prospect of the certified clients. Additionally in some cases the client just uses this explanation since some salesmen would do whatever it takes not to counter this business opposition territory. Sales reps will in general surrender since they think there is no utilization in proceeding with the business exchange if it is highly unlikely in initiating a business exchange.

How Will Nanotechnology Affect Dentistry and Medicine

How Will Nanotechnology Affect Dentistry and Medicine Have you ever seen a monitor the thickness of which is less than a millimeter? Have you ever touched a sheet of fire- and waterproof paper? Have you ever thought about clothes that can never become dirty? Actually, this is what we are going to witness in the near future. This is nanotechnology that can give us such amazing benefits just within the next decade. The fact that technology is a way of producing objects is known to everyone. Nanotechnology is a set of methods that allow you to create objects of Nano size (from 1 to 100 nm). A prefix «Nano » means «dwarf » in Greek and is used to show how microscopically small a nanometer is. One nanometer is 0.000000001 m (one billionth of a meter). Lets try to imagine an object of this size. A nanometer is shorter than a meter about as much as a walnut is smaller than the earth. Dimensions of several nanometers have large molecules, for example, proteins. Atoms and ordinary molecules are smaller: they are measured in tenths of a nanometer. Such objects have special properties. These properties of nanomaterials allow them to be used for the latest scientific achievements. As for now, nanotechnology is the most promising and government-sponsored area in the world science. Nanotechnology in medicine articles appears more and more often each day. The application of nanotechnologies is so long-awaited mainly because of their great prospects for different spheres of medicine. Although many scientists point at some disadvantages of nanotechnology in medicine, the fact is that Nano sensors will ensure progress in the early detection of diseases, which might increase the chances of recovery. Scientists will be able to defeat cancer and other diseases. Old cancer drugs used to destroy not only diseased cells but also healthy ones. With the help of nanotechnology, the drug will be delivered directly to the diseased cell. As we have mentioned above, pros and cons of nanotechnology in healthcare are widely discussed, but lets stick to the pros first. There are many aspects of dentistry and medicine where Nano medicine is going to replace the traditional methods and even create new medical niches. Here are only some of these niches which are predicted to occur in the nearest future: Nano diagnostics Regenerative medicine Surgical Nano robots Nano dentistry Nano diagnostics Nano diagnostics is one of the most vivid potential advantages of nanomedicine. Scientists predict that Nano devices will help doctors to identify any disease on its early stages or even predict its possible development due to genetic predisposition. Regenerative medicine Nanotechnologies can bring new strategies to regenerative medicine, including some effective techniques for repairing or even replacing the damaged tissues. The most recent findings are based on the results of a study by Taiwanese scientists. In the conclusion of the article, it is stated that understanding the mechanisms of interaction of nanomaterials with stem cells can help to create cell-mediated combined technologies in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Surgical Nano robots Imagine that you have caught a common cold and immediately pay a visit to your doctor. But instead of prescribing you a pill, the doctor sends you to a medical center that will «run » tiny robots into your blood. These robots will find out the cause of your illness, choose an exact system of organs and deliver the necessary dose of the drug directly to the «affected area ». You will be surprised, but modern medicine is not so far from such devices, which are already partially used. These specific devices are called Nano bots, which were created on the basis of Nano electronic structures and biotechnologies and acquire new physicochemical properties that differ from the constituent molecules and atoms. Such Nano robots will be able to function in the human body and perform a variety of functions, from monitoring molecular and cellular processes to diagnosing and repairing the whole body. Scientists think that nanotechnology in medicine drug delivery will be available very soon. Nano dentistry Many modern scientists are currently working on the possibility of «growing » teeth in return for the lost ones by means of molecular structural construction. Some scoffers claim that this option will be both among advantages and disadvantages of nanotechnology in medicine because people will become healthier but all dentists will lose their jobs. But they are wrong because any process should be managed by a highly qualified specialist, without whom all the super technologies will hardly function better than a heap of scrap metal. How can nanotechnologies help in combating cancer? Nanotechnology which is related to cancer research aims to detect cancer cells in the patients body and develop the technology which will possibly treat these cancer cells. Such trials give scientists a chance to diagnose cancer on early stages and even prevent the development or relapse of an already existing disorder. Potential solutions for cancer patients are among the most well-known pros of nanotechnology in medicine. Risks of nanotechnology in medicine Meanwhile, some studies still show the likelihood of harm from components at the nanoscale. For example, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (UK) found that when mice breathe carbon nanotubes, they get lung damage which is similar to the effects of asbestos. Besides, according to one theory, nanomaterials can adversely affect DNA. Most of the scientists are not in a hurry to draw conclusions before the full information about the subject of the discussion appears. The same authors of the study with the participation of mice call for greater transparency in the nanotechnology industry. More recently, the US National Research Council and the British Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution also pointed to a lack of data on the potential threat of nanotechnology. And the European Parliament expressed the need to develop clear rules and regulations in this area. As we see, advantages and disadvantages of nanotechnology in healthcare are not equally vivid, and this makes sense to wait for Nano technological progress with impatience.

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12 Angry Men Leadership Essay - 1711 Words

12 Angry Men is a film originally produced in 1957 by Henry Fonda and Reginald Rose. It is about the journey 12 jurors go on to determine if a defendant is innocent or guilty. 12 Angry Men is a classic movie that is great for people learning different leadership styles, verbal and nonverbal cues, constructive/destructive conflict, and how ‘sidebar’ conversations impact a group’s ability to achieve their goal. The goal of the 12 jurors is to make a unanimous decision the defendant is either innocent or guilty. The jurors must make this decision based on whether the prosecutor’s evidence proved the defendant’s innocence beyond a reasonable doubt. Leadership played a large role in achieving this goal. Some of these three leadership forms were†¦show more content†¦Engleberg and Wynn (2012) state people who speak early and often in group settings tend to become leaders within the group. He does this in an autocratic way by having a strong position and not being open to hear and value other people’s opinions. This can hinder the group goals if an autocratic leader is allowed to become too destructive. Autocratic leaders can also positively impact the group as they eliminate groupthink and challenge individuals within the group to speak up, this is not always done though. Throughout the film viewers watch as Juror 3 becomes increasingly frustrated when people have different opinions as he believes his own opinion is the only option. Unlike Juror 3 Juror 8 is open and even welcomes others’ opinions. He was the only one to vote not guilty at the beginning of 12 Angry Men. He was not an appointed leader and throughout the course of this film he develops into an emergent leader. Juror 8 uses democratic leadership as he focuses on serving the needs of someone else and pointing out the severity of the issue they are deciding on and that a life is at stake. A democratic leader â€Å"understand(s) that these challenges are being made to present all sides of the issue and arrive at a better answer† (Kraemer, 2011). Juror 8 wants people to talk it through and make sure they have properly evaluated every side of the reason for being guilty or innocent and a just decision is made. He usedShow MoreRelated12 Angry Men: Leadership Essay1923 Words   |  8 PagesLeadership: In the movie 12 Angry Men there were two primary examples of leadership. The first was in the beginning of the movie, when the foreman gets everyone together in the room and has them sit down, assigning them each a number. He then proceeds to go over the process and rules they will proceed with, and sets up the initial voting. After the initial voting, he has them go around in a circle one by one to discuss the reasons why they voted the way they did. 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The Things People Forget in the Heat of the Moment Free Essays

The task of instructing adolescents about sex has been seen as the responsibility of the parents for many years. But, parent-child communication in sexual matters may be hindered by parental inhibitions or by various intergenerational tensions. Children often times do not receive information on sexual matters from their parents, at least initially. We will write a custom essay sample on The Things People Forget in the Heat of the Moment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Due to sex related information available to children through mass media, the education board has deemed it necessary to evaluate and change sexual education. The course work has evolved drastically from the idea of teaching merely about sexual reproduction and focusing on abstinence. Rather, now it is important to deal with sex-related topics in the media through more sophisticated and comprehensive programs, deemed necessary to institute in the public school system. This of course has brought about several conflicting views about the course work within the program, raising social and ethical questions here and there. Although the idea of educating such young people about sex is viewed as strange, or as wrong, or even as immoral entirely, it is necessary for the well being of young people to be educated about these matters. Failing to teach young people about sex is like playing a ‘friendly† game of Russian Roulette; the risks are vast, danger is unknown, and death may stare one in the face. Often times failing to teach properly the risks of something causes a lack of knowledge, almost like ignorance, especially regarding the subject of sex. Disastrous consequences can come about because of insignificant information about sex and sex relations. For example, thoughts of pregnancy surface with the lack of protection, but additionally, risks include the possibility of venereal disease spread, such as Gonorrhea, Syphilis, or HIV, in the absence of contraceptives. These serious circumstances are often taken lightly when in ‘the mood† and one must be educated fairly well to understand the extreme importance of safety. This safety may include birth control or forms of contraceptives like male or female condoms, to ensure that one’s health is never undermined at any cost. Lack of monogamy and smart sexual relations has made it imperative to take ‘safety precautions†, as comical as it may sound, to ensure that one†s health is not jeopardized. In similarity, Russian Roulette is a game of risks, much like sex. Although the stakes are rather different, sex of late and Russian Roulette alike are merely gambling with one†s life. It seems it might be wiser to choose the latter as a means of destruction. After all, a life stricken with some disease associated with sex can have disastrous effects on one’s physical body. For instance, John, an eighteen-year-old freshman at the University of Pennsylvania illustrates this perfectly. He was diagnosed two years ago with a virus he can never be rid of. Diagnosed at the age of sixteen with herpes simplex one, he lives a stressful life, often ridiculed because of constant outbreaks of sores, not only on his genitals, but also in and around his mouth. He dreads the next outbreak everyday, and wishes with every frequent recurrence he had taken the extra ten seconds to put on a condom, for if he had done so, life would be more pleasant (â€Å"FAQ About Genital Herpes†). In addition, take for example Maria. Maria is a junior at Lake Springs High School. She too had a sexual encounter she wishes she could take back. One evening at a party, she drank a few drinks, and before she knew it, she was having intercourse with a man she hardly knew; she couldn†t even recall his name. Now, Maria endures extensive treatment weekly of AZT to hinder the debilitating effects HIV has on her body. She will grow weaker until the day she dies, all because of an unprotected sex act (â€Å"Education†). This information heightens the need for education regarding the proper care and safety precautions one must take when sexually active with another person. With the game of Russian Roulette, though, just one pull of the trigger and there are 1 in 6 chances, one swift blow. In addition, cases exist of Russian Roulette players who are uneventful in killing themselves, yet do serious damage to their brain, causing them to be quadriplegic. Teaching the dangers about sex is not an easy task. No easier is learning to accept consequences, but these must be taught during adolescence for it to be better embedded within one†s thoughts. In addition, danger regarding sex coincides with the risks one takes when the decision to consummate a relationship is made. Teaching youth about the risk of pregnancy and the likelihood of contracting one of a vast array of diseases that range from completely curable with little discomfort, to long, drawn out, and debilitating incurable diseases one must endure the entirety of their life. One could say that a person walking down the street each day puts himself or herself in danger; that there are risks everywhere, and this need not be taught at school, for it is common knowledge. This may be true, but the idea that one can protect themselves from potential danger just by being informed should be basis enough to incorporate a more advanced sexual education course curriculum in the public schooling system. For instance, instead of focusing on abstinence, which is purely opinion, focus on the fact that by the age of 15, more than 18% of U. S. teens have experienced sexual encounters and that by the age of 20, 40% of Caucasian women have conceived at least one child (â€Å"Causes, Incidence, and Risk Factors†). Focus also on the likelihood of contracting a sexually transmitted disease; focus on the facts, focus on the statistics. Take Russian Roulette for comparison to these dangers associated with sex. Potential dangers are obvious; holding a gun to one†s head and pulling the trigger, the danger seems quite substantial. This means of suicide can be compared to that of unprotected sex. One can illuminate the idea of unprotected sex as a way to commit suicide. A person not knowing the dangers of sex, and a person holding a gun up to one†s head, not thinking that there could be a bullet within the pistol display the same ignorance. The lack of information or education about these two instances could be devastating. Knowing the dangers, but still taking the risk, sex seems a lot like the game of Russian Roulette. Proposals need to be made to fulfill both parents and adolescent concerns in addition to societal needs to incorporate a more advanced form of sexual education. Perhaps issuing more of a homework-based class via an Internet website could fulfill these concerns. The idea in mind would be to lessen a student†s awkwardness of a classroom setting, yet still understanding the necessary material presented. This being beneficial because students are still learning about the subject matter and it would increase a parent†s morale about this course matter, for their children are learning about sex within their home rather than in a classroom, where sexual tensions may be embarrassing. Another proposal is to include the curriculum within already established courses. Academics such as English and History can hold intimate classroom conversation about this subject matter relevant to course curriculum. This means of incorporating the sexual education material within required classes would guarantee that sexual education be at least introduced to these younger individuals. It is not necessarily automatic that one will contract a venereal or sexually transmitted disease, neither is it definite that when the trigger is pulled, the bullet will come raging through for a short journey through the skull. The risks are there though; the danger is there. Without an education to outline these risks and dangers, the results a lack of education would be devastating to society. How to cite The Things People Forget in the Heat of the Moment, Papers

Variability Affecting Capacity At Clinic †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Variability Affecting Capacity At Clinic. Answer: Rationale for variability affecting capacity at clinic The registration desk has been seen to be in contact with the patients at the clinic who are seen to be generally given the schedule at 8:30 a.m. The remainder of the patients were seen to be rarely scheduled for the appointment after 11:30 a.m. and the last patient is seen to frequently going for the examination of the scheduled surgeon and senior resident. The variability in capacity in the clinic has been able depict the various types of the problem which has been seen to mainly getting affect on the arrival time of the patients at the hospital. Some of the main problems associated to the variability in the capacity have been affected with the scheduling of the patients. The variability also made the process take a longer time in terms of the verification of the medical documents and the same which needs to be submitted by the patients. In addition to this, the new patients returned to the waiting areas as the nurse verified the medical documents which need to be submitted by the patient. It has been further seen that 85% of the follow up of the patients has been seen to be dealing with X-Ray service. Henceforth, variability in te capacity has been seen to affect the ongoing treatment (Roberts et al. 2016). The controller of the ER is the person with whom the machine is shared. In case of an emergency ER is seen to halt the clinic process such that the ER will be able to make use of the machine. The radiology department is used by the Pediatric, Urrology, and Chest Clinic along with ER. This has been seen to lead to various types of the varying nature of the demand which in turn is seen to affect on the different types of the variability as a result of the improving scheduling of the clinic appointment with the other departments. The caveat of emergencies is also seen to be affected due to the variability in the capacity at the clinic. Due to this, the additional equipment purchase such as X-Ray machine is considered with a reduced effect of variability (Ostrovsky and Barnett 2014). There has been seen with several types of bottlenecks identified in the process. These bottlenecks are mainly recognised in the Radiology department. The mixed process in the clinic process has come to halt for the various types of the emergency room patients. As per the activity utilization rate, the surgeons utilization rate is discerned to be more than 100% and this has been seen to be significant with the bottleneck in the clinic process. It has been further discerned that the surgeon should seen 100% of the new patients and 30% of the follow ups, where 1 resident available with the rest of the follow ups. The demand for the surgeon is seen to be greater than the available timeframe. Cost to the clinic of wait times In general when patients are waiting for months or weeks for the appointment of the physician, several adverse consequences takes place. Some of this has been seen to be discerned with emotional consequences where the patients become anxious and angry. These are further seen to worsen the medical issues, especially during those situations where the patients do not show up with their appointment in the final roll around. The various types of the other consequences has been seen to be based on the various types of the impacts in form of the financial aspects and this needs to be explained in form of the different types of the services and dragged feet in cutting of the waiting times. The reduced nature of the waiting times has been further seen to be evident with the various types of the other factors which have been seen to associated to reduce the revenue and irritate the physicians (Ramdorai and Herstatt 2015). The financial dynamics as per the waiting time has been clarified in terms of the strategic context. This has shed light on the impacts of fee-for serviceas per the value based payments method and the way the system approach is seen to take place. The different types of the waiting times has been further based on the practices and the systems which has been seen to be associated to the various types of the aspects for way practices and systems approach the access conundrum. The emotional effect of the waiting time on the patients has been further seen to be associated to the various types of the emotional effects on the patients. The different types of the uncertain cases have been also evident with the concerned patients concerning disease progressing and intervening with the opportunities. Several types of the other variables have been further seen to be based on the different aspects such as concerned disease and the lost opportunities of intervention. Several types of the other v ariables have been further based on other variables such as communication, teamwork and the powerful drivers of the patients and the effect of the response. The data has been further able to reveal a dose of the response effect which is seen to be seen with the longer waiting time and lower amount of satisfaction with care. The patients waiting for weeks has been seen to be based on the various types the appointment which has been further seen to affect on the various types of the other consideration affecting waiting time (Kim, Gaukler and Lee 2016). The longer is the waiting time of the patients, the greater chance is there that the patients wont show up. The situation of No-Shows is particularly observed to be problematic as per the fiscal perspective and the unfilled scheduling slots. The reduction in the impacts of the patients has been further seen to be evident with the varied types of the considerations which have been able, to state on the large volume surge. The result of this has been has been discerned with chaos and longer waiting time before the final appointment. Waiting time is identified to be thee expected demand rate which is seen to exceed with the expected supply rate for the limited period of time. This has been especially evident with the constant capacity levels and the demand which has been seen to exhibit the seasonality aspect. The various types of the utilization levels have been seen to be more than 100% for certain time period. The queues forming time has seen with the gate of the clinic. Therefore such queues are seen to be identified after the utilization rate is seen to be below 100% (Price and St. John 2014). The cost of clinic and the waiting times has been identified with main concern for the young patients. The long waiting times has been further seen to be based on the various types of the factors aggravate the distress and the concern among the patients. In addition to this, the parents were irritated for missing the significance at the time of the work. At present, on average the patients were seen to be spending two hours at the clinic. The health of the patient was not seen to be the only concern; the various types of the clinical staff had increasingly complaining about the overextended budgetary pressures. This was mainly considered with the effective utilization of the unresolved request for the radiology department for the use of more advanced equipment. In addition to the above discussed topics, Dr. Leitchs concern was not seen to be convinced with the effective utilization of the staff. Federal and provincial policy makers has been increasing concern with economic impacts wh ich were affected with the longer waiting times for the national economic productivity (Lindskog, Hemphl and Eriksson 2017). Recommendations and rationale for the same The hospital management needs to volunteer the clinic with respect to the hospital management which has been seen as a test to demonstrate the patient care to be conducted in a more timely fashion and at the same time keeping the cost down. The main objective should be based on reducing the total amount of waiting time by 20% to depict the meaningful improvement which has been seen to be evident with the improvement in various types of the patients, management and staff. Some of the other recommendation can be further seen to be taken based on the fast approach to the patients and be able to present recommendations that will be able to significantly reduce the waiting time. The follow up of the patients has been further seen to be based on the different types of the consideration which has been seen to be based on developing of the present regime. The patients has been seen to require the various types of the consideration which has been seen to be related to the making the necessary adjustment and alterations which will be able to ensure that the patients will be able to be admitted in the appropriate examination room. The cast technician were seen to be having 25% of the new patients and the rest 50% should be following with the 15% of the following up of the patients. By the adoption of the aforementioned actions the childrens hospital will be able to improve the present service (Parameswaran and Raijmakers 2010). Doctors, administrative staff and nurses are seen to be practice and take quality care of the various types of the patients has been identified with the satisfaction as the main priority. The patients will be further have the will to will to wait before meeting with the physicians and finding the various types of the ways for reducing the waiting times. It has been further discerned that the health care professionals will be able to reduce the total amount of the waiting time which is seen to be able to state on the measuring the balance of the demand and supple and ensuring completion of the appointments within the assigned deadline. This will not prevent the patients to see them with various urgencies and the changing way for allowing the priorities. The different types of the other initiative can be considered with hired group of the organized and hard working staff members. The dedicated staffs has been identified to check and schedule the patients appointments, which will only r educe the waiting time of the patients and streamline the workflow in the front office. The several types of the other initiatives have been further taken with reconsideration of the starting time of the staffs. This needs to be evaluated based on the starting time of the staff working hours versus the time patients first walk into the waiting room. The other recommendation has been further seen to be based on encouraging the patients for early scheduling of the appointment. The number of accidents and the emergencies can be further improved by making use of online check-in system. The EHRs and the patients can be made to good use by allowing the patients for the adoption of web based technology and appointment of the location as per choice. The main form of the motivation of the patients ca been further seen to be based on the adoption of the various types of the other initiatives by Speaking of the patient portal, it's another great tool that can be used to reduce patient wait tim es. As per the physical practice the various types of the opportunities has been considered with the filling of the paperwork and submit of the insurance information and gain access to the various types of the import updates. The various type of the health care professional will be able to motivate the patients using portals and improve the workflow management based on the use of the information technology on health systems (Groves et al. 2013). References Groves, P., Kayyali, B., Knott, D. and Van Kuiken, S. (2013) The big data revolution in healthcare: accelerating value and innovation, McKinsey Global Institute, (January), pp. 122. doi: 10.1145/2537052.2537073. Kim, R. H., Gaukler, G. M. and Lee, C. W. (2016) Improving healthcare quality: A technological and managerial innovation perspective, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 113, pp. 373378. doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2016.09.012. Lindskog, P., Hemphl, J. and Eriksson, A. (2017) Lean tools promoting individual innovation in healthcare, Creativity and Innovation Management, 26(2), pp. 175188. doi: 10.1111/caim.12201. Ostrovsky, A. and Barnett, M. (2014) Accelerating change: Fostering innovation in healthcare delivery at academic medical centers, Healthcare, 2(1), pp. 913. doi: 10.1016/j.hjdsi.2013.12.001. Parameswaran, L. and Raijmakers, J. (2010) People-focused innovation in healthcare, Philips. Available at: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=enbtnG=Searchq=intitle:People-focused+innovation+in+healthcare#0. Price, C. P. and St. John, A. (2014) Innovation in healthcare. The challenge for laboratory medicine, Clinica Chimica Acta, pp. 7178. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.09.043. Ramdorai, A. and Herstatt, C. (2015) Frugal Innovation in Healthcare How Targeting Low-Income Markets Leads to Disruptive Innovation, India Studies in Business and Economics, (August 2010), pp. 1178. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-16336-9. Roberts, J. P., Fisher, T. R., Trowbridge, M. J. and Bent, C. (2016) A design thinking framework for healthcare management and innovation, Healthcare, 4(1), pp. 1114. doi: 10.1016/j.hjdsi.2015.12.002.

PREFACE Essays - Social Philosophy, Philosophy Of Life,

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Non-Market Analysis of British Petroleum (BP) Research Paper

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Sacred Power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Indias Tata Steel Company Analysis By acquiring Anglo-Dutch steel firm Corus, Indias Tata Steel is now one of the worlds top five steel makers. Professor Tarun Khanna says the fact that the deal is the largest out of India and generated by the private sector makes this a notable event. But now comes the hard part-making the merger work. Can Tata avoid mistakes made by Chinese companies? Key concepts include: * Tatas acquisition of Corus is notable not only for creating a new steel giant, but also because this deal was a private sector venture far from Indian government influence. * Tata should be able to make the merger work by virtue of its position of financial strength as well as previous cross-border experiences. The West should not underestimate this heretofore relatively unknown competitor. Contents INTRODUCTION TATA STEEL C0MPANY:- Tata Iron Steel Company Ltd. (TISCO) is the iron and steel production company associated with the Tata group of some 80 different industrial and other business enterprises in India, founded by members of the Tata family. TISCO operates as Indias largest integrated steel works in the private sector with a market share of nearly 13 present and is the second largest steel company in the entire industry. Its products and services include hot and cold rolled coils and sheets, tubes, construction bars, forging quality steel, rods, structural, strips and bearings, steel plant and material handling equipment, Ferro alloys and other minerals, software for process controls, and cargo handling services. Through its subsidiaries, TISCO also offers tinplate, wires, rolls, refractories, and project management services. Tata Steel was established by Indian Paris businessman Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata in 1907 (he died in 1904, before the project was completed). CORUS STEEL COMPANY:- Corus Group was created in October 1999 through the merger of British Steel and Koninklijke Hoogovens, and consists of mills and service canters, that produce and distribute steel products to customers worldwide. Corus service Centres, part of Corus Group with sales of over $2 billion, process and distribute products such as coil, sheet, structural sections, bar, tube, and plate products. They provide a variety of processing services such as slitting, levelling, shearing, sawing, and a range of multi-step plate processes. 1 LITERATURE REVIEW CHANGE MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP: CHANGE MANAGEMENT: It is a organized approach to trade with change, both from view of an organization and on in the individual level. This of change management assignment relates to transformation theory. As in an organization changes transform by the leader Mr.RattanTata (CEO) for the reputation and profitability of an organization. CHANGE MODEL: The three stages of change that are still the basis of many approaches today. Unfreeze:- The term change ready is often used to describe people who are unfrozen and ready to take the next step. Some people come ready for change whilst others take a long time to let go of their comfortable current realities. Changing:- may be hard for the individual, often the hardest part is to start. Even when a person is unfrozen and ready for change, that first step can be very scary. Transition can also be a pleasant trap and, as Robert Louis Stephenson said, It is better to travel hopefully than arrive. People become comfortable in temporary situations where they are not accountable for the hazards of normal work and where talking about change may be substituted for real action. Refreeze At the other end of the journey, the final goal is to refreeze, putting down roots again and establishing the new place of stability. In practice, refreezing may be a slow process as changing seldom stop cleanly, but go more in fits and starts with a long tail of bits and pieces. There are good and bad things about this. 2 LEADERSHIP: It is the influencing process of leadership and followers to achieve organisational objectives through change. For achievement and growth of the company, Mr.Rattan Tata change the leadership with employees. STYLE OF LEADERSHIP: Transformational leadership in terms of how the leader affects followers, who are intended to trust, admire and respect the transformational leader. He identified three ways in which leaders transform followers: Increasing their awareness of task importance and value. Getting them to focus first on team or organizational goals, rather than their own interests. Activating their higher-order needs. 3 OBJECTIVES OF CHANGE The main objective of Merger Acquisition transaction is as follows: Proper utilization of all available resources. To prevent exploitation of unutilized and underutilized assets and resources. Forming a strong human base. Reducing tax burden. Improving profits. Eliminating or limiting the competition. Achieving savings in monitoring cost. REASIONS FOR MERGING FOR CORUS:- Total Debt Of Corus Is 1.6 Ban Gap. Corus Needs Supply Of Raw Material At Lower Cost. Though Corus Has Revenue Of $ 18.06 Ban Its Profit Was Just Of $626 MN. Corus Facilities Were Relatively Old With High Cost Of Production. Employee Cost Is 15% While That of Tata Steel Is 9%. Tata had a strong retail and distribution network in India and SE Asia. This would give the European manufacturer an in-road into the emerging Asian markets. FOR TATA:- Tata Was Looking To Manufacture Finished Products In Mature Markets Of Europe. A Diversified Product Mix Will Reduce Risks While Higher End Products will add to bottom line. Corus Holds A Number Of Patents And RD Facility. Tata Is Known For Efficient Handling For Labour And It Aims At Reducing Employee Cost and Improve Productivity. It Will Move From 55th Position In World To 5th In Production Of Steel Globally. Tata was a major supplier to the Indian auto industry and the demand for value added steel products was growing in this market. Hence there would be a powerful combination of high quality developed and low cost high growth market 4 CHANGES:- Corus legal identity was changed last November to Tata Steel Europe. Kirby Adams, MD and CEO of Tata Steel Europe. With the transition to Tata Steel name our customers have the reassurance that the technical ex annual revenue and work force of 50,000 employees Valuing the Acquisition. Method used Enterprise Value Multiple. (EV represents a companys economic value the minimum amount someone would have to pay to buy it outright) Precise and capability earned over a long and successful period will be enhanced by aligning a world-class product with a global leader in steel production. IMPLEMENTATION OF CHANGE MODEL: Market has not responded well to this deal as the price of the stocks fell. Investors are worried about cash outflow and the resultant strain on companys balance sheet. Of the total cash to be paid in the deal $4.1 billion will be forked by Tata steel, rest of the money will be as debts and will be returned from Corus cash flows. No merger is riddle free and almost every has a bit of it. Tata steel needs to concentrate on bringing down the production cost, which is high now. They need to use the best of their management skills. Rattan Tatas dexterity has worked out for the benefit of the group and this time will be no exception. The shareholders need to keep their faith intact in the group and this will pay as it has before. 5 AFTER MERGER: THE GLOBAL STEEL INDUSTRY:- The current global steel industry is in its best position in comparing to last decades. The price has been rising continuously. The demand expectations for steel products are rapidly growing for coming years. The shares of steel industries are also in a high pace. The steel industry is enjoying its 6th consecutive years of growth in supply and demand. And there is many more merger and acquisitions which overall buoyed the industry and showed some good results. The subprime crisis has led to the recession in economy of different Countries, which may lead to have a negative effect on whole steel industry in coming years. However steel production and consumption will be supported by continuous economic growth. 6 CONTRIBUTION OF COUNTRIES TO GLOBAL STEEL INDUSTRY The countries like China, Japan, India and South Korea are in the top of the above in steel production in Asian countries. China accounts for one third of total production i.e. 419m ton, Japan accounts for 9% i.e. 118m ton, India accounts for 53m ton and South Korea is accounted for 49m ton, which all totally becomes more than 50% of global production. Apart from this USA, BRAZIL, UK accounts for the major chunk of the whole growth. The steel industry has been witnessing robust growth in both domestic as well as international markets. In this article, let us have a look at how has the steel industry performed globally in 2007. 7 CAPACITY:- The global crude steel production capacity has grown by around 7% to 1.6 ban in2007 from 1.5 ban tonnes in 2006. The capacity has shown a growth rate of 7% CAGR since 2003. The additions to capacity over last few years have ranged from 36 m tonnes in 2004 to 108 m tonnes in 2007. Asian region accounts for more than 60% of the total production capacity of world, backed mainly by capacity in China, Japan, India, Russia and South Korea. These nations are among the top steel producers in the 8 AFTER MERGER: BENEFITS:- Corus well known strength is the production of high-end steel-used in construction automobile and aircraft as well as its impressive research and development will complement Tata Steel. The merger will also give it access to the important markets of Europe. All that will benefit Corus is the management expertise of the Tatas and their cost advantage in producing steel. With their acumen they will bring down the production cost of Corus. Tata Steel expects to earn $300 million per year through cost savings. Market has not responded well to this deal as the price of the stocks fell. Investors are worried about cash outflow and the resultant strain on companys balance sheet. Of the total cash to be paid in the deal $4.1 billion will be forked by Tata steel, rest of the money will be as debts and will be returned from Corus cash flows. No merger is riddle free and almost every has a bit of it. Tata steel needs to concentrate on bringing down the production cost, which is high now. They need to use the best of their management skills. Rattan Tatas dexterity has worked out for the benefit of the group and this time will be no exception. The shareholders need to keep their faith intact in the group and this will pay as it has before. 9 CHANGE AGENT: I believe this will be the first step in showing that Indian industry can in fact step outside the shores of India in an international marketplace and acquit itself as a global player. RATAN TATA RESISTANCE: Takeover defences include all actions by managers to resist having their firms acquired. Attempts by target managers to defeat outstanding takeover proposals are overt forms of takeover defences. Resistance also includes actions that occur before a takeover offer is made which make the firm more difficult to acquire. The intensity of the defences can range from mild to severe. Mild resistance forces bidders to restructure their offers, but not prevent an acquisition or raise the takeover price substantially. Severe resistance can block takeover bids, thereby giving the incumbent managers of the target firm veto power over acquisition proposals. A natural place to begin the analysis of takeover defences is with the wealth effects of takeovers. There is broad agreement that being a takeover target substantially Increases the wealth of shareholders. Historical estimates of the stock price increases of target firms are about 20% in the mergers and about 30% in tender offers. The large gain for target stockholders in takeovers seems to imply that all takeover resistance is bad. Resistance makes the firm more difficult to acquire. If the defence works, it lowers the probability of a takeover and stockholders are thus less likely to receive takeover premiums. Takeover resistance can benefit shareholders. Stockholders are concerned about the market value of the firm 10 CONCLUSION:- Conclusion With Corus in its fold, Tata Steel can confidently target becoming one of the top-3 steel makers globally by 2015. The company would have an aggregate capacity of close to 56 million tonnes per annum, if all the planned Greenfield capacities go on stream by then. We can conclude that if the acquisitions well planned, Executed and the necessary precautions taken for the deal a company can achieve its strategic objectives and thus ensure its growth through Acquisition. 11 REFRENCES 1 www.tatabolaji.com/opinionbymihirmishra 2 www.invera.com/new/corus/indexshtm 3 www.tatasteel.com>company 4 www.scrib.com/doc/mergeoftatasteelandcorus 5 www.barometer.edlman.comtrust/2009/ 6 www.sixsigmail9.com/article.cfm 7 Leading Change by John P. Katter 8 Managing Change and Transition by Richard Lucked 9 Change Management by Jeffrey Hiatt and Timothy Crease 10 The Change Management Pocket Guide by Kate Nelson and Stacy Aaron 11 Leading Change by James OToole. 12

Usefulness Of Different Sociological Approaches To Suicide

Durkheim wrote in the 1890s and was one of the first sociologists right at the forefront of establishing and defining sociology as a scientific discipline. Durkheim argued that it was not only possible to apply scientific principles to social phenomena but that it was essential to do so in order to produce useful sociology. His 1897 book suicide: a study in sociology uses his scientific methods to explore suicide. Durkheim chooses suicide deliberately, because as the most individual, private and psychologically driven act it was considered by most not to be a social phenomenon.If sociology could identify social factors and causes of suicide, this would demonstrate the power and impact of society on individual behaviour. So in Durkheim’s view he believes our behaviour is caused by social facts and they are said to be external from the individual, constrain individuals and be greater than the individuals. After Durkheim’s analysis of official statistics on suicide it reve aled some social groups are more likely to commit suicide than others. For Durkheim, the social patterns of suicide he discovered is not a random individual act but as stated by Luke’s social factors play a key role.Durkheim’s work showed a correlation between suicide and social facts like suicide rates were higher in predominantly protestant countries than in catholic ones, Jews were the religious group with the lowest suicide rate, married people were less likely to commit suicide and those with higher education had a higher suicide rate. Durkheim said different forms of suicide related to how much integration and regulation there was in society and this would provide us with a fourfold typology. The term social integration means socialisation into the norms, values and lifestyles of social groups and society.Regulation meaning the control that society and social groups has over an individual’s behaviour. With these two factors Durkheim brings upon egoistic su icide not enough integration. The individual isn’t successfully integrated into groups or society, anomic not enough regulation society has insufficient control over individuals, altruistic too much integration an over integrated individual sacrifices their life for the group and fatalistic too much regulation the individual is too highly controlled by society. Durkheim’s work can also be applied into type of society.As Durkheim states modern societies and traditional society differ from one and other in their levels of integration and regulation. Durkheim discovers that modern industrial societies have lower levels of integration due to lack of freedom this weakens bonds and give rise to egoistic suicide. Whilst, traditional pre-industrial societies have higher levels of integration as the group is more important than the individual and this gives rise to altruistic suicide. Durkheim has been criticised by other positivist sociologist.Halbwachs largely supported Durkh eim’s conclusion but pointed out that the impact of rural versus urban lifestyles on suicide rates hadn’t been considered. Also, Gibbs and Martin argued that Durkheim hadn’t used vigorous enough scientific methods even though he’d stressed how important they were. The key concepts of integration and regulation weren’t defined closely enough to be measured statistically. Gibbs and Martin query how anyone can know how anyone can know what â€Å"normal† levels of integration and regulation are.Interpretivist sociologists have devised alternative theories of suicide they say social reality is not a series of social facts for sociologists to discover, but a series of different meanings and interpretations that each person brings to and takes from each situation. Durkheim’s work is fatally flawed from this perspective because he relies on the unquestioning use of official statistics. According to interpretivists, statistics are not fact the y are a social construction based on the definition of the people who compile them.Douglas takes an Interactionist approach to suicide and he is interested in the meaning that suicide has for the deceased, and the way that coroners label death as suicides. He criticises Durkheim’s study of suicide on two main grounds. One of them being the use of suicide statistics because the decision to classify death as a suicide is taken by a coroner and this may produce bias in verdicts reached. So Douglas feels these are the patterns Durkheim found and that well integrated have friends and relatives who may deny death and this explains their low level of suicide.So Durkheim indicates that suicide verdicts and statistics are based on interactions and negotiations between those involved like friends, doctors and police as they may affect death being labelled as a suicide, rather than it actually being one. That’s why people feel integration plays no dividends. Douglas second point criticises Durkheim for ignoring the meanings of the act for those who kill themselves and for assuming that suicide has a fixed or constant meaning.Douglas backs this up as he notes the cultural differences by Japanese samurai warrior who kill themselves because they have been dishonoured by western society. Douglas also states that we need to categorise suicides according to their social meanings because the triggers and response to suicide are different in different cultures. These social meanings consist of transformation of the soul, transformation of the self, achieving sympathy and achieving revenge.Douglas can be criticised, as he is inconsistent, sometimes suggesting that official statistics are merely the product of coroner’s opinions. At other times, he claims we really can discover the cause of suicide-yet how can we, if we can never know whether a death was a suicide and all we have is coroners opinions? Douglas also produces a classification of suicide based on the supposed meanings for the actors. However, there is no reason to believe that sociologists are any better than coroners at interpreting dead person’s meanings.

Guillermo’s Furniture Store Scenario Essay

Financial principles, financial markets, and business ethics construct a major infrastructure for financial decisions that all managers or supervisors must make on a constant basis. The purpose of this paper is to explain the financial concepts found in this week’s readings and how these concepts relate to the Guillermo’s Furniture Store Scenario. According to the text reading, â€Å"the principles of finance, described in this section and the two that follow, are based on logical deduction and on empirical observation† (Chapter 2, p. 20). Until the late 1990s, Guillermo’s Furniture Store retained its competitive advantage in the furniture market. The arrival of a new overseas competitor entering the furniture market, decreased furniture prices, and increased labor costs posed as a new challenge for the organization (University of Phoenix, 2009). For several years, Guillermo’s Furniture Store dominated the furniture manufacturing market with the ideal supply of timber to create a variation of types of furniture. As a result, the owner did not know how to forecast the new challenges that faced the company. As the new competition starts to enter the furniture market, these competitors have developed an advanced technology that produces a more customized product to meet consumer demand. With labor costs rising, Guillermo did not realize these changes and how this would affect his current business. Guillermo’s Furniture Store will need to consider the principle of self-interested behavior to help minimize the risks associated with the changes in the furniture business to meet customer expectations. The concept of the principle of self-interested behavior basically implies that with a level playing field in the furniture business meaning all aspects of the business equals one another, then Guillermo will need to act or perform in the best financial interest of his own company. One option for Guillermo’s Furniture Store would be to purchase a high-tech laser lather operating equipment for manufacturing the product. This would be an example of the principle of self-interested behavior as it is an important corollary of this principle (Emery, Finnerty, & Stowe, 2007). This action will create a more desirable competing action for the benefit of his organization. Guillermo could also consider becoming a furniture manufacturer for a Norway company by facilitating all distributing pathways and this behavior is an example of the principle of valuable ideas. Emery, Finnerty & Stowe state, â€Å"new products or services can create value, so if you have a new idea, you might then transform it into extraordinary positive value for yourself† (Chapter 2, p. 24). This type of behavior is clear if the owner decides to patent the current process for coating the furniture as it creates new ideas. Guillermo will need to consider ways to create value by developing exceptional customer service with the creation of better products and services at the lowest possible price without sacrificing the quality of the product or service. The competition is fierce overseas as a direct result of inexpensive parts and labor. The furniture store will have to create the lowest and best quality product to meet consumer demands. Guillermo will need to meet the competition with its market presence by focusing on remaining competitive with the patent process. In order to make a strategic decision on which process will be best for the furniture store, Guillermo will need to take a closer look at the financial statements to make the financial decision. Strategic analysis of financial transaction is one of the most vital facets of an organization with regard to important business decisions. This type of analysis assists any business owner or manager in deciding which type of alternative or plan would be most beneficial to the company. These decisions should also consider the impact on the market and the competition as well as the organization. Guillermo will need to discover the financial impact of either choice mentioned above to make the best decision. Reference Emery, D. R., Finnerty, J. D., Stowe, J. D. (2007). Corporate Financial Management (3rd ed). Chapter 2: The Financial Environment: Concepts and Principles. Prentice Hall, Inc: A Pearson Education Company. University of Phoenix. Guillermo’s Furniture Store Data. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, Corporate Finance-FIN571 website. University of Phoenix (2012). Guillermo’s Furniture Store Scenario. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, Corporate Finance-FIN571 website

Biography of Thomas Edison, American Inventor

Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847–October 18, 1931) was an American inventor who transformed the world with inventions including the lightbulb and the phonograph. He was considered the face of technology and progress in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Fast Facts: Thomas Edison Known For: Inventor of groundbreaking technology, including the lightbulb and the phonograph Born: February 11, 1847 in Milan, OhioParents: Sam Edison Jr. and Nancy Elliott EdisonDied: October 18, 1931 in West Orange, New JerseyEducation: Three months of formal education, homeschooled until age 12Published Works: Quadruplex telegraph, phonograph, unbreakable cylinder record called the Blue Ambersol, electric pen, a version of the incandescent lightbulb and an integrated system to run it, motion picture camera called a kinetographSpouse(s): Mary Stilwell, Mina MillerChildren: Marion Estelle, Thomas Jr., William Leslie by Mary Stilwell; and Madeleine, Charles, and Theodore Miller by Mina Miller Early Life Thomas Alva Edison was born to Sam and Nancy on February 11, 1847, in Milan, Ohio, the son of a Canadian refugee and his schoolteacher wife. Edisons mother Nancy Elliott was originally from New York until her family moved to Vienna, Canada, where she met Sam Edison, Jr., whom she later married. Sam was the descendant of British loyalists who fled to Canada at the end of the American Revolution, but when he became involved in an unsuccessful revolt in Ontario in the 1830s he was forced to flee to the United States. They made their home in Ohio in 1839. The family moved to Port Huron, Michigan, in 1854, where Sam worked in the lumber business. Education and First Job Known as Al in his youth, Edison was the youngest of seven children, four of whom survived to adulthood, and all of them were in their teens when Edison was born. Edison tended to be in poor health when he was young and was a poor student. When a schoolmaster called Edison addled, or slow, his furious mother took him out of the school and proceeded to teach him at home. Edison said many years later, My mother was the making of me. She was so true, so sure of me, and I felt I had someone to live for, someone I must not disappoint. At an early age, he showed a fascination for mechanical things and chemical experiments. In 1859 at the age of 12, Edison took a job selling newspapers and candy on the Grand Trunk Railroad to Detroit. He started two businesses in Port Huron, a newsstand and a fresh produce stand, and finagled free or very low-cost trade and transport in the train. In the baggage car, he set up a laboratory for his chemistry experiments and a printing press, where he started the Grand Trunk Herald, the first newspaper published on a train. An accidental fire forced him to stop his experiments on board. Loss of Hearing Around the age of 12, Edison lost almost all of his hearing. There are several theories as to what caused this. Some attribute it to the aftereffects of scarlet fever, which he had as a child. Others blame it on a train conductor boxing his ears after Edison caused a fire in the baggage car, an incident Edison claimed never happened. Edison himself blamed it on an incident in which he was grabbed by his ears and lifted to a train. He did not let his disability discourage him, however, and often treated it as an asset since it made it easier for him to concentrate on his experiments and research. Undoubtedly, though, his deafness made him more solitary and shy in dealing with others. Telegraph Operator In 1862, Edison rescued a 3-year-old from a track where a boxcar was about to roll into him. The grateful father, J.U. MacKenzie, taught Edison railroad telegraphy as a reward. That winter, he took a job as a telegraph operator in Port Huron. In the meantime, he continued his scientific experiments on the side. Between 1863 and 1867, Edison migrated from city to city in the United States, taking available telegraph jobs. Love of Invention In 1868, Edison moved to Boston where he worked in the Western Union office and worked even more on inventing things. In January 1869 Edison resigned from his job, intending to devote himself full time to inventing things. His first invention to receive a patent was the electric vote recorder, in June 1869. Daunted by politicians reluctance to use the machine, he decided that in the future he would not waste time inventing things that no one wanted. Edison moved to New York City in the middle of 1869. A friend, Franklin L. Pope, allowed Edison to sleep in a room where he worked, Samuel Laws Gold Indicator Company. When Edison managed to fix a broken machine there, he was hired to maintain and improve the printer machines. During the next period of his life, Edison became involved in multiple projects and partnerships dealing with the telegraph. In October 1869, Edison joined with Franklin L. Pope and James Ashley to form the organization Pope, Edison and Co. They advertised themselves as electrical engineers and constructors of electrical devices. Edison received several patents for improvements to the telegraph. The partnership merged with the Gold and Stock Telegraph Co. in 1870. American Telegraph Works Edison also established the Newark Telegraph Works in Newark, New Jersey, with William Unger to manufacture stock printers. He formed the American Telegraph Works to work on developing an automatic telegraph later in the year. In 1874 he began to work on a multiplex telegraphic system for Western Union, ultimately developing a quadruplex telegraph, which could send two messages simultaneously in both directions. When Edison sold his patent rights to the quadruplex to the rival Atlantic Pacific Telegraph Co., a series of court battles followed—which Western Union won. Besides other telegraph inventions, he also developed an electric pen in 1875. Marriage and Family His personal life during this period also brought much change. Edisons mother died in 1871, and he married his former employee Mary Stilwell on Christmas Day that same year. While Edison loved his wife, their relationship was fraught with difficulties, primarily his preoccupation with work and her constant illnesses. Edison would often sleep in the lab and spent much of his time with his male colleagues. Nevertheless, their first child Marion was born in February 1873, followed by a son, Thomas, Jr., in January 1876. Edison nicknamed the two Dot and Dash, referring to telegraphic terms. A third child, William Leslie, was born in October 1878. Mary died in 1884, perhaps of cancer or the morphine prescribed to her to treat it. Edison married again: his second wife was Mina Miller, the daughter of Ohio industrialist Lewis Miller, who founded the Chautauqua Foundation. They married on February 24, 1886, and had three children, Madeleine (born 1888), Charles (1890), and Theodore Miller Edison (1898). Menlo Park Edison opened a new laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey, in 1876. This site later become known as an invention factory, since they worked on several different inventions at any given time there. Edison would conduct numerous experiments to find answers to problems. He said, I never quit until I get what Im after. Negative results are just what Im after. They are just as valuable to me as positive results. Edison liked to work long hours and expected much from his employees. In 1879, after considerable experimentation and based on 70 years work of several other inventors, Edison invented a carbon filament that would burn for 40 hours—the first practical incandescent lightbulb. While Edison had neglected further work on the phonograph, others had moved forward to improve it. In particular, Chichester Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter developed an improved machine that used a wax cylinder and a floating stylus, which they called a graphophone. They sent representatives to Edison to discuss a possible partnership on the machine, but Edison refused to collaborate with them, feeling that the phonograph was his invention alone. With this competition, Edison was stirred into action and resumed his work on the phonograph in 1887. Edison eventually adopted methods similar to Bell and Tainters in his phonograph. Phonograph Companies The phonograph was initially marketed as a business dictation machine. Entrepreneur Jesse H. Lippincott acquired control of most of the phonograph companies, including Edisons, and set up the North American Phonograph Co. in 1888. The business did not prove profitable, and when Lippincott fell ill, Edison took over the management. In 1894, the North American Phonograph Co. went into bankruptcy, a move which allowed Edison to buy back the rights to his invention. In 1896, Edison started the National Phonograph Co. with the intent of making phonographs for home amusement. Over the years, Edison made improvements to the phonograph and to the cylinders which were played on them, the early ones being made of wax. Edison introduced an unbreakable cylinder record, named the Blue Amberol, at roughly the same time he entered the disc phonograph market in 1912. The introduction of an Edison disc was in reaction to the overwhelming popularity of discs on the market in contrast to cylinders. Touted as being superior to the competitions records, the Edison discs were designed to be played only on Edison phonographs and were cut laterally as opposed to vertically. The success of the Edison phonograph business, though, was always hampered by the companys reputation of choosing lower-quality recording acts. In the 1920s, competition from radio caused the business to sour, and the Edison disc business ceased production in 1929. Ore-Milling and Cement Another Edison interest was an ore milling process that would extract various metals from ore. In 1881, he formed the Edison Ore-Milling Co., but the venture proved fruitless as there was no market for it. He returned to the project in 1887, thinking that his process could help the mostly depleted Eastern mines compete with the Western ones. In 1889, the New Jersey and Pennsylvania Concentrating Works was formed, and Edison became absorbed by its operations and began to spend much time away from home at the mines in Ogdensburg, New Jersey. Although he invested much money and time into this project, it proved unsuccessful when the market went down, and additional sources of ore in the Midwest were found. Edison also became involved in promoting the use of cement and formed the Edison Portland Cement Co. in 1899. He tried to promote the widespread use of cement for the construction of low-cost homes and envisioned alternative uses for concrete in the manufacture of phonographs, furniture, refrigerators, and pianos. Unfortunately, Edison was ahead of his time with these ideas, as the widespread use of concrete proved economically unfeasible at that time. Motion Pictures In 1888, Edison met Eadweard Muybridge at West Orange and viewed Muybridges Zoopraxiscope. This machine used a circular disc with still photographs of the successive phases of movement around the circumference to recreate the illusion of movement. Edison declined to work with Muybridge on the device and decided to work on his motion picture camera at his laboratory. As Edison put it in a caveat written the same year, I am experimenting upon an instrument which does for the eye what the phonograph does for the ear. The task of inventing the machine fell to Edisons associate William K. L. Dickson. Dickson initially experimented with a cylinder-based device for recording images, before turning to a celluloid strip. In October 1889, Dickson greeted Edisons return from Paris with a new device that projected pictures and contained sound. After more work, patent applications were made in 1891 for a motion picture camera, called a Kinetograph, and a Kinetoscope, a motion picture peephole viewer. Kinetoscope parlors opened in New York and soon spread to other major cities during 1894. In 1893, a motion picture studio, later dubbed the Black Maria (the slang name for a police paddy wagon which the studio resembled), was opened at the West Orange complex. Short films were produced using a variety of acts of the day. Edison was reluctant to develop a motion picture projector, feeling that more profit was to be made with the peephole viewers. When Dickson assisted competitors on developing another peephole motion picture device and the eidoscope projection system, later to develop into the Mutoscope, he was fired. Dickson went on to form the American Mutoscope Co. along with Harry Marvin, Herman Casler, and Elias Koopman. Edison subsequently adopted a projector developed by Thomas Armat and Charles Francis Jenkins and renamed it the Vitascope and marketed it under his name. The Vitascope premiered on April 23, 1896, to great acclaim. Patent Battles Competition from other motion picture companies soon created heated legal battles between them and Edison over patents. Edison sued many companies for infringement. In 1909, the formation of the Motion Picture Patents Co. brought a degree of cooperation to the various companies who were given licenses in 1909, but in 1915, the courts found the company to be an unfair monopoly. In 1913, Edison experimented with synchronizing sound to film. A Kinetophone was developed by his laboratory and synchronized sound on a phonograph cylinder to the picture on a screen. Although this initially brought interest, the system was far from perfect and disappeared by 1915. By 1918, Edison ended his involvement in the motion picture field. In 1911, Edisons companies were re-organized into Thomas A. Edison, Inc. As the organization became more diversified and structured, Edison became less involved in the day-to-day operations, although he still had some decision-making authority. The goals of the organization became more to maintain market viability than to produce new inventions frequently. A fire broke out at the West Orange laboratory in 1914, destroying 13 buildings. Although the loss was great, Edison spearheaded the rebuilding of the lot. World War I When Europe became involved in World War I, Edison advised preparedness and felt that technology would be the future of war. He was named the head of the Naval Consulting Board in 1915, an attempt by the government to bring science into its defense program. Although mainly an advisory board, it was instrumental in the formation of a laboratory for the Navy that opened in 1923. During the war, Edison spent much of his time doing naval research, particularly on submarine detection, but he felt the Navy was not receptive to many of his inventions and suggestions. Health Issues In the 1920s, Edisons health became worse and he began to spend more time at home with his wife. His relationship with his children was distant, although Charles was president of Thomas A. Edison, Inc. While Edison continued to experiment at home, he could not perform some experiments that he wanted to at his West Orange laboratory because the board would not approve them. One project that held his fascination during this period was the search for an alternative to rubber. Death and Legacy Henry Ford, an admirer and a friend of Edisons, reconstructed Edisons invention factory as a museum at Greenfield Village, Michigan, which opened during the 50th anniversary of Edisons electric light in 1929. The main celebration of Lights Golden Jubilee, co-hosted by Ford and General Electric, took place in Dearborn along with a huge celebratory dinner in Edisons honor attended by notables such as President Hoover, John D. Rockefeller, Jr., George Eastman, Marie Curie, and Orville Wright. Edisons health, however, had declined to the point that he could not stay for the entire ceremony. During the last two years of his life, a series of ailments caused his health to decline even more until he lapsed into a coma on October 14, 1931. He died on October 18, 1931, at his estate, Glenmont, in West Orange, New Jersey. Sources Israel, Paul. Edison: A Life of Invention. New York, Wiley, 2000.Josephson, Matthew. Edison: A Biography. New York, Wiley, 1992.Stross, Randall E. The Wizard of Menlo Park: How Thomas Alva Edison Invented the Modern World. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2007. Biography of Thomas Edison, American Inventor Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847–October 18, 1931) was an American inventor who transformed the world with inventions including the lightbulb and the phonograph. He was considered the face of technology and progress in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Fast Facts: Thomas Edison Known For: Inventor of groundbreaking technology, including the lightbulb and the phonograph Born: February 11, 1847 in Milan, OhioParents: Sam Edison Jr. and Nancy Elliott EdisonDied: October 18, 1931 in West Orange, New JerseyEducation: Three months of formal education, homeschooled until age 12Published Works: Quadruplex telegraph, phonograph, unbreakable cylinder record called the Blue Ambersol, electric pen, a version of the incandescent lightbulb and an integrated system to run it, motion picture camera called a kinetographSpouse(s): Mary Stilwell, Mina MillerChildren: Marion Estelle, Thomas Jr., William Leslie by Mary Stilwell; and Madeleine, Charles, and Theodore Miller by Mina Miller Early Life Thomas Alva Edison was born to Sam and Nancy on February 11, 1847, in Milan, Ohio, the son of a Canadian refugee and his schoolteacher wife. Edisons mother Nancy Elliott was originally from New York until her family moved to Vienna, Canada, where she met Sam Edison, Jr., whom she later married. Sam was the descendant of British loyalists who fled to Canada at the end of the American Revolution, but when he became involved in an unsuccessful revolt in Ontario in the 1830s he was forced to flee to the United States. They made their home in Ohio in 1839. The family moved to Port Huron, Michigan, in 1854, where Sam worked in the lumber business. Education and First Job Known as Al in his youth, Edison was the youngest of seven children, four of whom survived to adulthood, and all of them were in their teens when Edison was born. Edison tended to be in poor health when he was young and was a poor student. When a schoolmaster called Edison addled, or slow, his furious mother took him out of the school and proceeded to teach him at home. Edison said many years later, My mother was the making of me. She was so true, so sure of me, and I felt I had someone to live for, someone I must not disappoint. At an early age, he showed a fascination for mechanical things and chemical experiments. In 1859 at the age of 12, Edison took a job selling newspapers and candy on the Grand Trunk Railroad to Detroit. He started two businesses in Port Huron, a newsstand and a fresh produce stand, and finagled free or very low-cost trade and transport in the train. In the baggage car, he set up a laboratory for his chemistry experiments and a printing press, where he started the Grand Trunk Herald, the first newspaper published on a train. An accidental fire forced him to stop his experiments on board. Loss of Hearing Around the age of 12, Edison lost almost all of his hearing. There are several theories as to what caused this. Some attribute it to the aftereffects of scarlet fever, which he had as a child. Others blame it on a train conductor boxing his ears after Edison caused a fire in the baggage car, an incident Edison claimed never happened. Edison himself blamed it on an incident in which he was grabbed by his ears and lifted to a train. He did not let his disability discourage him, however, and often treated it as an asset since it made it easier for him to concentrate on his experiments and research. Undoubtedly, though, his deafness made him more solitary and shy in dealing with others. Telegraph Operator In 1862, Edison rescued a 3-year-old from a track where a boxcar was about to roll into him. The grateful father, J.U. MacKenzie, taught Edison railroad telegraphy as a reward. That winter, he took a job as a telegraph operator in Port Huron. In the meantime, he continued his scientific experiments on the side. Between 1863 and 1867, Edison migrated from city to city in the United States, taking available telegraph jobs. Love of Invention In 1868, Edison moved to Boston where he worked in the Western Union office and worked even more on inventing things. In January 1869 Edison resigned from his job, intending to devote himself full time to inventing things. His first invention to receive a patent was the electric vote recorder, in June 1869. Daunted by politicians reluctance to use the machine, he decided that in the future he would not waste time inventing things that no one wanted. Edison moved to New York City in the middle of 1869. A friend, Franklin L. Pope, allowed Edison to sleep in a room where he worked, Samuel Laws Gold Indicator Company. When Edison managed to fix a broken machine there, he was hired to maintain and improve the printer machines. During the next period of his life, Edison became involved in multiple projects and partnerships dealing with the telegraph. In October 1869, Edison joined with Franklin L. Pope and James Ashley to form the organization Pope, Edison and Co. They advertised themselves as electrical engineers and constructors of electrical devices. Edison received several patents for improvements to the telegraph. The partnership merged with the Gold and Stock Telegraph Co. in 1870. American Telegraph Works Edison also established the Newark Telegraph Works in Newark, New Jersey, with William Unger to manufacture stock printers. He formed the American Telegraph Works to work on developing an automatic telegraph later in the year. In 1874 he began to work on a multiplex telegraphic system for Western Union, ultimately developing a quadruplex telegraph, which could send two messages simultaneously in both directions. When Edison sold his patent rights to the quadruplex to the rival Atlantic Pacific Telegraph Co., a series of court battles followed—which Western Union won. Besides other telegraph inventions, he also developed an electric pen in 1875. Marriage and Family His personal life during this period also brought much change. Edisons mother died in 1871, and he married his former employee Mary Stilwell on Christmas Day that same year. While Edison loved his wife, their relationship was fraught with difficulties, primarily his preoccupation with work and her constant illnesses. Edison would often sleep in the lab and spent much of his time with his male colleagues. Nevertheless, their first child Marion was born in February 1873, followed by a son, Thomas, Jr., in January 1876. Edison nicknamed the two Dot and Dash, referring to telegraphic terms. A third child, William Leslie, was born in October 1878. Mary died in 1884, perhaps of cancer or the morphine prescribed to her to treat it. Edison married again: his second wife was Mina Miller, the daughter of Ohio industrialist Lewis Miller, who founded the Chautauqua Foundation. They married on February 24, 1886, and had three children, Madeleine (born 1888), Charles (1890), and Theodore Miller Edison (1898). Menlo Park Edison opened a new laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey, in 1876. This site later become known as an invention factory, since they worked on several different inventions at any given time there. Edison would conduct numerous experiments to find answers to problems. He said, I never quit until I get what Im after. Negative results are just what Im after. They are just as valuable to me as positive results. Edison liked to work long hours and expected much from his employees. In 1879, after considerable experimentation and based on 70 years work of several other inventors, Edison invented a carbon filament that would burn for 40 hours—the first practical incandescent lightbulb. While Edison had neglected further work on the phonograph, others had moved forward to improve it. In particular, Chichester Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter developed an improved machine that used a wax cylinder and a floating stylus, which they called a graphophone. They sent representatives to Edison to discuss a possible partnership on the machine, but Edison refused to collaborate with them, feeling that the phonograph was his invention alone. With this competition, Edison was stirred into action and resumed his work on the phonograph in 1887. Edison eventually adopted methods similar to Bell and Tainters in his phonograph. Phonograph Companies The phonograph was initially marketed as a business dictation machine. Entrepreneur Jesse H. Lippincott acquired control of most of the phonograph companies, including Edisons, and set up the North American Phonograph Co. in 1888. The business did not prove profitable, and when Lippincott fell ill, Edison took over the management. In 1894, the North American Phonograph Co. went into bankruptcy, a move which allowed Edison to buy back the rights to his invention. In 1896, Edison started the National Phonograph Co. with the intent of making phonographs for home amusement. Over the years, Edison made improvements to the phonograph and to the cylinders which were played on them, the early ones being made of wax. Edison introduced an unbreakable cylinder record, named the Blue Amberol, at roughly the same time he entered the disc phonograph market in 1912. The introduction of an Edison disc was in reaction to the overwhelming popularity of discs on the market in contrast to cylinders. Touted as being superior to the competitions records, the Edison discs were designed to be played only on Edison phonographs and were cut laterally as opposed to vertically. The success of the Edison phonograph business, though, was always hampered by the companys reputation of choosing lower-quality recording acts. In the 1920s, competition from radio caused the business to sour, and the Edison disc business ceased production in 1929. Ore-Milling and Cement Another Edison interest was an ore milling process that would extract various metals from ore. In 1881, he formed the Edison Ore-Milling Co., but the venture proved fruitless as there was no market for it. He returned to the project in 1887, thinking that his process could help the mostly depleted Eastern mines compete with the Western ones. In 1889, the New Jersey and Pennsylvania Concentrating Works was formed, and Edison became absorbed by its operations and began to spend much time away from home at the mines in Ogdensburg, New Jersey. Although he invested much money and time into this project, it proved unsuccessful when the market went down, and additional sources of ore in the Midwest were found. Edison also became involved in promoting the use of cement and formed the Edison Portland Cement Co. in 1899. He tried to promote the widespread use of cement for the construction of low-cost homes and envisioned alternative uses for concrete in the manufacture of phonographs, furniture, refrigerators, and pianos. Unfortunately, Edison was ahead of his time with these ideas, as the widespread use of concrete proved economically unfeasible at that time. Motion Pictures In 1888, Edison met Eadweard Muybridge at West Orange and viewed Muybridges Zoopraxiscope. This machine used a circular disc with still photographs of the successive phases of movement around the circumference to recreate the illusion of movement. Edison declined to work with Muybridge on the device and decided to work on his motion picture camera at his laboratory. As Edison put it in a caveat written the same year, I am experimenting upon an instrument which does for the eye what the phonograph does for the ear. The task of inventing the machine fell to Edisons associate William K. L. Dickson. Dickson initially experimented with a cylinder-based device for recording images, before turning to a celluloid strip. In October 1889, Dickson greeted Edisons return from Paris with a new device that projected pictures and contained sound. After more work, patent applications were made in 1891 for a motion picture camera, called a Kinetograph, and a Kinetoscope, a motion picture peephole viewer. Kinetoscope parlors opened in New York and soon spread to other major cities during 1894. In 1893, a motion picture studio, later dubbed the Black Maria (the slang name for a police paddy wagon which the studio resembled), was opened at the West Orange complex. Short films were produced using a variety of acts of the day. Edison was reluctant to develop a motion picture projector, feeling that more profit was to be made with the peephole viewers. When Dickson assisted competitors on developing another peephole motion picture device and the eidoscope projection system, later to develop into the Mutoscope, he was fired. Dickson went on to form the American Mutoscope Co. along with Harry Marvin, Herman Casler, and Elias Koopman. Edison subsequently adopted a projector developed by Thomas Armat and Charles Francis Jenkins and renamed it the Vitascope and marketed it under his name. The Vitascope premiered on April 23, 1896, to great acclaim. Patent Battles Competition from other motion picture companies soon created heated legal battles between them and Edison over patents. Edison sued many companies for infringement. In 1909, the formation of the Motion Picture Patents Co. brought a degree of cooperation to the various companies who were given licenses in 1909, but in 1915, the courts found the company to be an unfair monopoly. In 1913, Edison experimented with synchronizing sound to film. A Kinetophone was developed by his laboratory and synchronized sound on a phonograph cylinder to the picture on a screen. Although this initially brought interest, the system was far from perfect and disappeared by 1915. By 1918, Edison ended his involvement in the motion picture field. In 1911, Edisons companies were re-organized into Thomas A. Edison, Inc. As the organization became more diversified and structured, Edison became less involved in the day-to-day operations, although he still had some decision-making authority. The goals of the organization became more to maintain market viability than to produce new inventions frequently. A fire broke out at the West Orange laboratory in 1914, destroying 13 buildings. Although the loss was great, Edison spearheaded the rebuilding of the lot. World War I When Europe became involved in World War I, Edison advised preparedness and felt that technology would be the future of war. He was named the head of the Naval Consulting Board in 1915, an attempt by the government to bring science into its defense program. Although mainly an advisory board, it was instrumental in the formation of a laboratory for the Navy that opened in 1923. During the war, Edison spent much of his time doing naval research, particularly on submarine detection, but he felt the Navy was not receptive to many of his inventions and suggestions. Health Issues In the 1920s, Edisons health became worse and he began to spend more time at home with his wife. His relationship with his children was distant, although Charles was president of Thomas A. Edison, Inc. While Edison continued to experiment at home, he could not perform some experiments that he wanted to at his West Orange laboratory because the board would not approve them. One project that held his fascination during this period was the search for an alternative to rubber. Death and Legacy Henry Ford, an admirer and a friend of Edisons, reconstructed Edisons invention factory as a museum at Greenfield Village, Michigan, which opened during the 50th anniversary of Edisons electric light in 1929. The main celebration of Lights Golden Jubilee, co-hosted by Ford and General Electric, took place in Dearborn along with a huge celebratory dinner in Edisons honor attended by notables such as President Hoover, John D. Rockefeller, Jr., George Eastman, Marie Curie, and Orville Wright. Edisons health, however, had declined to the point that he could not stay for the entire ceremony. During the last two years of his life, a series of ailments caused his health to decline even more until he lapsed into a coma on October 14, 1931. He died on October 18, 1931, at his estate, Glenmont, in West Orange, New Jersey. Sources Israel, Paul. Edison: A Life of Invention. New York, Wiley, 2000.Josephson, Matthew. Edison: A Biography. New York, Wiley, 1992.Stross, Randall E. The Wizard of Menlo Park: How Thomas Alva Edison Invented the Modern World. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2007.